Effective Marketing Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

An Investigation into Essay Example for Free

An Investigation into Essay Be that as it may, if the perusing on the ammeter or voltmeter was not taken rapidly, the temperature may have risen, and in this way the opposition of the wire would have expanded as well. This would imply that the outcomes would not be absolutely precise, as the trials would not be reasonable. 2. There may have been a few issues with the gear that would help clarify potential abnormalities other than human mistake. For instance, the wire utilized may not be unadulterated, and the gear was not absolutely exact, because of incessant use, and the way that it was fabricated and kept up to a poor norm. 3. As various lengths of wire should have been utilized, I cut separate lengths of Constantan wire, rather than utilizing a similar area of wire and differing the focuses at which the crocodile was associated. It is plausible that each different segment of wire had various measures of debasements in them, and in this way the readings won't be totally precise. 4. A portion of the oddities will have been brought about by human blunder in the estimating of the wire. This is on the grounds that it isn't down to earth to hold a bit of wire straight and cut it impeccably at the assigned length. The crocodile clasps will likewise have not been set precisely at the particular length, thus the real length of the wire in the circuits will change from the length recorded. 5. The crocodile cuts utilized were halfway rusted in places, and that would have kept them from framing a decent association with the wire. They were not associated safely as they were old and much utilized with the goal that the clasps could be effortlessly moved to change the length. In spite of the fact that there were numerous odds for a mistake to happen, there are none that clearly stick out. I don't feel, in any case, that the utilization of a dainty wire in this analysis was a reasonable decision, as the wire was rarely genuinely straight. It is smarter to utilize a less flexible metal material, for example, a bar, or in truth just to utilize the rheostat, as it is a long bit of snaked wire that can be associated at various lengths to change the opposition of the circuit. Examination Two: Investigation into how fluctuating the cross-sectional zone of a wire will influence its opposition. Reasonable Test: In request to guarantee that the examination is as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances, just one factor will be fluctuated: the cross-sectional territory of the wire. Different elements will be kept consistent as demonstrated as follows: The length of the wire will be kept steady at 40cm, as this factor has been investigated in the test examining length. I will utilize Constantan wire all through, as there were a bigger assortment of thicknesses accessible to me with this material. The temperature of the wires toward the beginning must be the equivalent in order to ensure that a reasonable test is done. The temperature must be kept at room temperature, so the electrons in the wire are not given varying measure of vitality. Technique: Safety: Precautions must be taken with the goal that no water gets close to any of the electrical apparatuses. It is basic that you don't contact or spot free wires onto the wire that is being tried as it gets hot during the test. Leave the wire after the analysis for a short period so as to let the wire cool before contacting. Apparatus:â Varying cross-sectional zones of Constantan wire (as assigned in plan) to be tried, all 40cm long Rheostatâ Power supplyâ Voltmeter Ammeter 2 interfacing wires with crocodile cuts 4 associating wiresâ A 1 meter rulerâ Scissors The accompanying circuit was utilized in the examination exploring the cross-sectional region: Plan: 1. Interface circuit as appeared in graph over 2. Supplement first cross-sectional zone of wire to be tried into the circuit, for this situation: 22 SWG. 3. Turn on the force flexibly and rapidly take readings from both the ammeter and the voltmeter. 4. Rehash until all the accompanying thickness have been tried and have had readings taken: a. 22 SWG b. 26 SWG c. 28 SWG d. 32 SWG e. 34 SWG as of now referenced in the analysis examining length, the force gracefully utilized was manufactured with the goal that 6 amps was the most extreme current permitted to go through the circuit, and again I decided to set the force pack on 4 volts. The entire examination must be rehashed multiple times for precision, and afterward a normal of these will be taken and utilized in the outcomes table and diagram. To ensure that the analysis is as exact as could be expected under the circumstances, the wire being tried must be held straight, so it doesn't come into contact with anything other than the crocodile cuts, thus that there are no curves in the wire. This is to guarantee that it doesn't short out or influence the opposition, in order to verify that the readings are not endangered. The readings should likewise be taken rapidly after finishing of the circuit, so the present going through the wire doesn't influence the temperature, and potentially bringing about an expansion in the obstruction that will give confounding outcomes. After testing the examination I have reached the resolution that the arrangement will deliver precise readings and not many blunders. With it, I had the option to acquire these outcomes: Results: Thickness of wire (SWG) Average Voltage (V) (Volts) Average Current (I) (Amps) Resistance (R) (to 2d. p) The standard wire check (SWG) can be utilized to discover the range. From this we can utilize the recipe underneath to work out the cross-sectional territory in mmi : ?ri Thickness of wire (SWG) Radius of wire (to 2d. p) (mm) Cross-sectional region (to 2d. p) (mmi ) 1/cross-sectional region (complementary) (to 2. Perceptions: Again, as in the main test, I saw that the readings on the voltmeter and ammeter gleamed among numbers, thus I accepting the primary number as the most precise estimation because of the impacts of temperature change. Toward the start of the trial I was likewise going to test a Constantan wire of 30 SWG, yet when testing this wire it furnished me with indistinguishable outcomes from that of 32 SWG. This presumably implied one of the wires was checked inaccurately, so I just utilized one of them and stamped it as 32 SWG as this followed the bend of my diagram. Peculiarities: The diagram suggests that my perusing for the obstruction of the 28 SWG wire was wrong, as it contrasts around 0. 85 ? from my line of best fit. This is most likely in light of the fact that the wires were stirred up (as this had just happened), as the outcome for this wire fits in with my line of best fit for a thickness of around 31 SWG. Ends: In perspective on my outcomes and the chart I had the option to build from them, I have made the accompanying determinations: a. As anticipated, when the cross-sectional zone of the wire expanded, the obstruction additionally expanded. b. The diagram shows a solid pattern framing a bended line, demonstrating that the cross-sectional region of a conductor is contrarily relative to the obstruction (as appeared in the chart recording the proportional of the cross-sectional territory): as the cross-sectional region pairs, the opposition will split. From my investigation, I can say that my forecast was right. This can be demonstrated via cautiously examining both power and electrical conduits. Power is the progression of vitality starting with one spot then onto the next. Metal electrical conveyors empower vitality to be gone through them by containing an ocean of uninhibitedly versatile electrons, which convey the vitality. At the point when the electrons in the conductor are given enough vitality, they can move starting with one finish of the conductor then onto the next, and thusly make a current. There is just a specific measure of room for the electrons to move in the conductor, thus crashes may happen between the electrons and some other stationary particles contained in the conductor. In the event that the width (cross-sectional region) of the transmitter, for this situation a wire, is multiplied, the electrons have twofold the measure of room, thus the likelihood of a crash between the electrons and any stable or pollutions in the wire is divided. This implies a large portion of the measure of electrical vitality is being changed over into heat vitality by impacts, thus the obstruction is additionally split. Assessment: There were a couple of mix-ups in my trial, for the most part brought about via remissness in the capacity of the materials utilized: 1. I remembered a rheostat for my circuit, yet I didn't modify it for each perusing (to control the flow) as I accepted that leaving the circuit associated for an extensive stretch of time would significantly change the temperature of the wire, as crashes happened and electrical vitality was changed over into heat, so the flow readings fluctuate somewhat, which I accept will deliver differing temperatures, however none so drastically as to render my outcomes absolutely off base. 2. In any case, I endeavored to take the readings for the ammeter and voltmeter rapidly so any temperature change would be extremely slight and would not influence the outcomes. 3. There were a few issues with the hardware I utilized all through this investigation. The mechanical assembly was not absolutely exact as it was fabricated and kept up to a poor standard because of absence of assets, for instance the crocodile cuts were covered in rust, thus the contact among it and the wire was not great. The wires were named mistakenly so the outcomes were confounding. 4. A portion of the irregularities will have been brought about by human mistake in the estimating of the wire. This is on the grounds that it isn't extremely commonsense to hold a bit of wire straight and cut it consummately at the assigned length. The crocodile clasps will likewise have not been put precisely at the particular length, thus the real length of the wire in the circuits will differ from the length recorded. Despite the fact that there were a couple of errors in this trial, all in all I do accept that they gave me a decent reason for my decisions.

Top Tips For Finding Thesis Help

Top Tips For Finding Thesis HelpIf you need thesis help, you have a lot of choices in front of you. Some people go to the library for reference books and manuals that tell them exactly what they should be doing. There are also many high-tech internet sources available these days. But do you really want to be thrust into a digital age?In these modern times, most people still prefer to use a computer to write a paper and an eye for details. However, if you feel that your knowledge base is growing, you may still want to use these more traditional methods for research. Here are some of the better ways of obtaining thesis help.Some people take their school or college course papers to a tutor. Your professor will be able to help with anything that you need from the point of the main idea to the completion of the paper. It may also be necessary to bring in the paper to the office where the instructor is located, for some guidance.However, this is not always a good idea. Besides the fact tha t the tutor might not be as familiar with the topics of your paper as you are, he or she will not know how to address any questions that you might have. You may also not get the same quality of paper. Plus, there are many situations when the instructor may not be available.A more alternative way of getting homework help is to seek out such tutors over the internet. There are many online resources that offer some helpful advice on the subject of writing a thesis paper. They can be used by people who have no formal training in this area.The internet has turned out to be an easy way to research any topic that you may want to learn about. Plus, you will have access to any resources that you might not be able to find at a library. Theywill also provide you with the answers to any questions that you might have and they will help you in your preparation of the paper.However, not everyone is comfortable with the idea of seeking thesis help from an online source. Some people find it somewhat odd to turn over the job of a tutor to an automated program. While this may be a useful tool, it is not appropriate for every situation.If you are not familiar with the work of a professional writer, it may be hard to know whether your paper is going to come out as perfect as it could. That is why it is wise to go over your essay with someone who is knowledgeable about thesis writing. You should feel confident that it will be fine. That is the only way that you will be sure that you are getting a good grade on the paper.

Philosophy Health Nursing

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3062 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? A philosophy is a statement of belief about something. Humans, their health, and the environment in which they live and function are phenomena of particular interest to nursing. Learning to reflect critically on ones practice requires considerable effort. It is also essential to being an excellent practitioner. Being able to think about and to explain your beliefs about the basic concepts of your practice provides the framework for your practice. Do remember that what you write today is not written in stone. As you learn new information and expand your professional practice your thoughts and beliefs about these phenomena may very well change. View this assignment as an opportunity to articulate your thoughts about these four concepts. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Philosophy Health Nursing | Nursing Dissertation" essay for you Create order My Belief is Good pain control and community health services help rebuild a person after surgery You need to include the following items: 1. An introduction to the paper that includes a brief overview of the paradigm. 2. A statement and explanation of your beliefs in relation to each of the four concepts included in the paradigm of nursing (humans, health, nursing, environment). While there is no minimum requirement for the length of each `statement and explanation,` many fall into the range of three (3) to five (5) paragraphs for each component of the paradigm. Some questions you may want to ask and answer for yourself are: What is the essence of human? What is health? Illness? Wellness? How are they related? What is the reason for nursings existence? How do I facilitate a clients movement toward health? These are just suggestions. You are NOT required to respond to the questions listed in this paragraph. As you consider your explanation of how you have reached this belief, i.e. `This I believe about . . . because. . .`, you may want to review some of the information from previous NRSE 300 modules. The Paradigm Online Writing Assistant has guidelines about writing a Thesis/Support Essay. This can help you in the construction of the paper. You need to document your explanation with material from the textbook, from the videos, from your practice, and from at least two sources that are not listed in your class materials. 3. Choose one of the nurse theorists you viewed. Compare your beliefs to those expressed or implied by the Jean Watson. How similar are your beliefs? What differences exist? 4. The final section of the paper is to be a statement of your philosophy of nursing. It may help to go to the Ohio School of Nursing website and read the Philosophy of the School of Nursing. It will give you a sense of one style of writing a philosophy. The philosophy is a distillation of the thinking you did to write your beliefs and explanations. It usually takes the form of one to three sentences about each of the components with linking comments about how they relate to each other to form your personal philosophy of nursing. 5. Paper will be typed. Double-space the body of the paper. Use APA format for headings and references. Make sure that your name is on each page of the paper. Use the running head style as explained in the APA Manual. Proofread the paper. Do NOT rely solely on spell check. It will not tell you when you wrote `of` when you intended to write `or.` There is no specified length for this paper. They usually run between 3 and 6 pages of double-space Introduction Nursing refers to a contact or a bond that exists between two or more persons in which one of the two persons provide professional care to the other in addition to providing advice with an aim of improving the health of the other individual an preventing illness. Philosophy of nursing may refer to beliefs that different individuals have towards nursing. Humans refer to the primates in the family of hominids. They have a brain which is highly expanded enabling them to solve problems through reasoning, control of emotions, use of language and introspection. Humans are always craving to understand the world around them and influence the natural occurrences. Health refers to a state of well being where there is no sickness and reflects the social, physical, spiritual and mental fitness of an individual. Good health may be brought about by a balanced diet, exercise and rest. Nursing refers to a science in which the person involved aims at ensuring a good health for individuals, families and communities. In general, the science of nursing aims at upholding the quality of life. Environment is defined as the extensive information on issues, programs and policies affecting our surrounding. It refers to anything internal or external that may create some impact in the life of an individual including all the living and non living organisms that exist on the earth. Humans A good pain control after surgery when accompanied by appropriate community health services enables an individual to rebuild him or herself. It is however the responsibility of every person to ensure that the nurse or the doctor knows about him or herself before the pain control is administered on him or her. This the patient could do by enabling the doctor to know about his or her drug addiction either the past or present. Surgery of the stomach is a very painful one and the drug history of a person may affect the persons tolerance to the pain or response to the pain relievers. The pain control in patients also depends on the age of the patient as well the conditions of health of the individual before the surgery. Controlling pain after surgery is a very essential step in the life of a patient as it helps the individual to gain the best results on functionality. This is appropriate because the pain after surgery increases the functionality of the patient. Patients who before the surgery were on pain medication do require an administration of extended pain medication. Otherwise the patient may require shorter acting pain medications for the control of pain. Nursing The belief that good pain control and community health services help rebuild a person after surgery relates to nursing in the sense that nurses have been found to be mediums through which terminal care at home can be improved. Pain control is one of the components of quality terminal care in the community. Patients who have undergone surgery should be given enough advice by the nurses on where to get help if necessary. In addition to this they should be given appropriate analgesics to carry home which should be accompanied by sufficient instructions on their usage. Nevertheless, patients should be given both verbal and written information about pain so that and how pain can be reduced. The nursing staff should always be there for patients to advice them and to discuss with them their choice of a pain relieving techniques. The pain that is experienced by patients after surgery is usually very great that it should not be underestimated. This is because the pain does different implications on both the patients and the community health services. A proper pain control after surgery therefore requires the intervention of the nurse which will give way for community health services thus helping the patient to gain his or her health back. Nurses facilitates the process of pain control and ensures that it well managed to speed the process of recovering of a patient. Health The health of a person enables that person to function mentally, spiritually, physically and socially in full ability. The belief that a good pain control and community health service helps an individual to rebuild after a surgery relates to health in the sense that an individual will only have a good health when he or she is not in pain. A person is considered to fully healthy if he or she is not feeling any pain. Surgery involves a lot of pain therefore after a surgery an individual requires pain relief which is achieved through proper pain control by the nurses to enable him or her to function properly both physically, mentally, spiritually and socially. When a person is in pain, he or she will not perform any physical activity in addition the person will not be able to socialize freely with other people. The person will also not think properly thus lacking both mental and spiritual thinking. This is because pain makes a person uncomfortable creating a feeling that something is wrong in the body. The pain in the body i.e. physical pain sends a signal to the brain through the spinal cords that something is wrong thus stopping the mind from working properly. It is therefore essential that after surgery a patient should receive a good pain control and community health service to enable him or her to rebuild his health. Effective pain management is therefore considered by nurses as part of recovery because it when it is well controlled it speeds up the process of healing and reduce complications that a person may experience as a result of surgery. Environment The surroundings in which individuals live do affect the activities performed in that particular environment. Nurses do require an enabling environment to enable them to perform their duties properly. After surgery it will for the well being of the patient to have a conducive environment in which physical, mental, spiritual and social healing is possible. The nature of the environment in which pain control is conducted is very essential and should be set to fit the requirements of different patients. Pain control will enable an individual to feel comfortable as he or she heals, get well faster and avoid some problems associated with surgery. The nurse theorist viewed was Margaret Newman who also came up with a nursing theory of health as an expanding consciousness which requires every person to find the meaning of life and find connections with other people in the rest of the world. According to Margaret, health means increasing awareness. She put forward that the role of a nurse is to identify the lifestyle of an individual so that the nurse can work within that lifestyle to help the individual achieve the goals of his or her life. Newmans theory includes the health of every individual irrespective of the condition of illness i.e. whether sick or well. Jean on the other hand developed a caring theory which involves the caring actions taken by nurses in their interaction with the patients. The caring theory involves the deep respect offered to patients by the nurses for the mysteries of life and the ability of the patients to change their lifestyles. Watsons caring theory also requires a nurse to help the patients to acquire self control, knowledge and healing not regarding their health conditions. The difference that exists between my beliefs on Newmans theory and Watsons caring theory is that Newmans theory was focused on helping every person whether in the absence or presence of sickness to understand his or her status. It focused on the adjustments that a nurse should put to ensure that a person meets his or her requirements. Watson on the other hand focused on caring for the patients, respecting them and helping them to understand themselves by acquiring self control, knowledge and healing. The similarity between the two theories is that both the two believe that it is the role of a nurse to ensure appropriate lifestyles for different persons whether sick or not. They both believe that a nurse should be able to identify or recognize and accurately detect the health status of a person and be able to help that person accordingly. They believe that a nurse must come together and engage in an interaction so that the nurse can understand the unique lifestyle of the person and provide care in a manner that fits that lifestyle. Finally both the beliefs involve human and nursing in the science of nursing in order to provide desired care to persons. The statement of my philosophy of nursing is the belief that Good pain control and community health services help rebuild a person after surgery. Conclusion Surgery is a very painful exercise which usually requires an immediate pain control to stop the patient from suffering. Pain management especially after surgery is therefore very essential for the well being of the patient and nurses should ensure that it is provided to enable the patient to rebuild his or her health. Reference Newman, M. A. (1972). Nursings theoretical evolution. Nursing Outlook, 20(5), 449-453. Newman, M.A. (1979). Theory development in nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Newman, M. A. (1982). Time as an index of expanding consciousness with age. Nursing Research, 31(5), 290-293. Newman, M.A. (1983). Newmans health theory. In I. Clements F. Roberts (Eds.), Family health: A theoretical approach to nursing care (pp. 161-175). New York: John Wiley. Engle, V. F. (1984). Newmans conceptual framework and the measurement of older adults health. Advances in Nursing Science, 7(1), 24-36. Newman, M. A. (1984). Nursing diagnosis: Looking at the whole. American Journal of Nursing, 84(12), 1496-1499. Newman, M.A. (1986). Health as Expanding Consciousness. St. Louis: Mosby. Newman, M. A. (1987). Aging as increasing complexity. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 13(9), 16-18. Newman, M.A. (1990). Newmans theory of health as praxis. Nursing Science Quarterly, 3(1), 37-41 Gustafson, W. (1990). Application of Newmans theory of health: Pattern recognition as nursing practice. In M. E. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories in practice (pp. 141-161). New York: National League for Nursing. Kalb, K. A. (1990). The gift: Applying Newmans theory of health in nursing practice. In M. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories in practice (pp. 163-186). New York: National League for Nursing. Newman, M. A. (1990). Shifting to higher consciousness. In M. E. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories in practice (pp. 129-139). New York: National League for Nursing. Newman, M. A. (1990). Toward an integrative model of professional practice. Journal of Professional Nursing, 6(3), 167-173. Newman, M. A., Lamb, G. S., Michaels, C. (1991). Nurse case management: The coming together of theory and practice. Nursing Health Care, 12(8), 404-408. Newman, M. A., Sime, A. M., Corcoran-Perry, S. A. (1991). The focus of the discipline of nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 14(1), 1-6. Newman, M. A. (1992). Prevailing paradigms in nursing. Nursing Outlook, 40(1), 10-14. Marchione, J. (1993). Margaret Newman: Health as expanding consciousness. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Newman, M. A. (1994). Health expanding consciousness (2nd ed.). New York: National League for Nursing. Newman, M.A. (1994). Theory for nursing practice. Nursing Science Quarterly, 7(4), 153-157. Newman, M. A. (1995). A developing discipline: Selected works of Margaret Newman. New York: National League for Nursing. Marchione, J. (1995). Margaret Newman: Health as expanding consciousness. In C. M. McQuiston A. A. Webb ( Eds.), Foundations of nursing theory: Contributions of 12 key theorists (pp. 261-316). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Engle, V. F. (1996). Newmans theory of health. In J. J. Fitzpatrick A. L. Whall (Eds.), Conceptual models of nursing: Analysis and application (3rd ed., pp. 275-288). Stamford, CT: Appleton Lange. Newman, M.A. (1996). Theory of the nurse-client partnership. In E. Cohen (Ed.), Nurse case management in the 21st Century (pp. 119-123). St. Louis: Mosby Year-book. Newman, M. A. (1997). Experiencing the whole. Advances in Nursing Science, 20(1), 34-39. Newman, M. A. (1997). Evolution of the theory of health as expanding consciousness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(1), 22-25. Yamashita, M., Jensen, E., Tall, F. (1998). Therapeutic touch: Applying Newmans theoretic approach. Nursing Science Quarterly, 11(2) 49-50. Desai, S., Keffer, M. J., Hensley, D. Kilgore-Keever, K. A., Langfitt, J. V. Peterson, L. (1998). Margaret A. Newman: Model of Health. In A. M. Tomey M. R. Alligood (Eds.), Nursing theorists and their work (4th ed., pp. 496-515). St. Louis: Mosby. Newman, M. A. (1999). The rhythm of relating in a paradigm of wholeness. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(3), 227-230. Pharris, M. D. (2001). Margaret A. Newman: Health as expanding consciousness. In Parker, M. (Ed.), Nursing theories and nursing practice (pp. 263-274). Philadelphia: Davis. Newman, M. A. (2002). Caring in the human health experience. International Journal for Human Caring. 6(2), 8-12. Newman, M. A. (2002). The pattern that connects. Advances in Nursing Science, 24(3), 1-7. Witucki, J. M. (2002). Newmans theory of health as expanding consciousness in nursing practice. In M. R. Alligood A. M. Tomey (Eds.), Nursing theory utilization application (2nd ed., pp. 429-449). St. Louis: Mosby. Newman, M. A. (2003). A world of no boundaries. Advances in Nursing Science, 26(4), 240-245. Endo, E. (2004). Nursing praxis with Margaret Newmans theory of health expanding consciousness. Nursing Science Quarterly, 17(2), 110-115. Health as Expanding Consciousness A website by Margaret Newman. ASSUMPTIONS deal with human life, nursing science, and the process of nursing. Watsons conception of human life is tied to notions that ones soul possesses a body that is not confined by objective space and time. The lived world of the experiencing person is not distinguished by external and internal notions of time and space, but shapes its own time and space, which is unconstrained by linearity. Nursing is a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical human care transactions. The process of nursing is human care. THE THEORY OF HUMAN CARING The main concept of the theory is TRANSPERSONAL HUMAN CARING, which is best understood within the concepts of three ancillary concepts: LIFE, ILLNESS, and HEALTH. HUMAN LIFE is defined as spiritual-mental-physical being-in-the-world, which is continuous in time and space. ILLNESS is not necessarily disease. Illness is subjective turmoil or disharmony with a persons inner self or soul at some level or disharmony within the spheres of the person, either consciously or unconsciously. HEALTH refers to unity and harmony within the mind, body, and soul. TRANSPERSONAL HUMAN CARING and caring transactions are those scientific, professional, ethical, yet esthetic, creative and personalized giving-receiving behaviors and responses between nurse and patient that allow for contact between the subjective world of the experiencing persons through physical, mental, or spiritual routes or some combination thereof. THE GOAL OF NURSING is to help persons gain a higher degree of harmony within the mind, body, and soul which generates self-knowledge, self-reverence, self-healing, and self-care processes while increasing diversity. Nursing interventions or CARATIVE FACTORS are: Humanistic-altruistic system of values Faith-hope Sensitivity to self and others Helping-trusting, human care relationship Expressing positive and negative feelings Creative problem-solving caring process Transpersonal teaching-learning Supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment Human needs assistance Existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces Return to Top This page was last modified on 6/1/02

The Pros And Cons Of Mass Shootings - 1462 Words

The First Amendment of the Constitution says that the Congress cannot make a law that forces people to follow one religion or prohibit free speech. It also says that people have the right to hold peaceful assemblies to make a change. This allows people to have opinions and express them freely as long as they are peaceful. The article connects to the First Amendment because the NFL players are protesting what they believe in and using freedom of speech. If Congress made a law to throw players in jail who kneeled during the national anthem it would violate the United States Constitution. But, while the First Amendment protects them from being sent to jail, they could still be fired from the NFL. By this point, however, it would be†¦show more content†¦This article talks about Venezuela’s President Nicolà ¡s Maduro wanting to rewrite the country’s constitution, originally written in 1999. The exact changes that would be made to the document are not known, but citizens and leaders of both Venezuela and the United States, including President Trump, believe it will make the government too much like Cuba’s. Cuba has a communist government that controls everything. There will be a vote that many people plan on boycotting, and there have been many protests from all the people wh o do not want the President of Venezuela to go through with the changes. These strikes are dangerous and have ended up killing many people. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment of the Constitution reduces the voting age to eighteen years old. It says that a citizen who is eighteen or older cannot be denied the ability to vote by any state because of their age. Until this, in most states, citizens had to be twenty-one years old to vote. The article and this amendment connect in certain ways. Many Venezuelans do not like their President’s plan to make changes to their country’s constitution. If something like this were to happen in the United States, and citizens were angry at the idea, the people’s voice would need to be heard. With the voting age at eighteen years old, more people could vote against the plan to show the government just how many citizens disagree with making changes to theShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Mass Shootings772 Words   |  4 Pagesof October, there have been 350 mass shootings in the United States in 2017 alone. With data from the Mass shooter tracker, it shows that from 2013-2017 2,592 people were killed and another 7,305 people were left wounded. The federal Bureau of investigators defines a mass shooting as â€Å"the murdering of four or more people with no ‘cooling off’ period between murders.† Mass shootings are at the center of most d ebates when it comes to cum control laws. 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There have been many questions brought up by both sides of the issue; there are many pros and cons on the issue that will go into effect with the campus carry bill. Twenty States in the Unites States have prohibited the law for carrying concealed guns on campus, but many othersRead MoreDon t Pull The Trigger On Gun Control1029 Words   |  5 Pages Don’t Pull the Trigger on Gun control Have you ever wondered why the United States always seems to have mass shootings in the news? Well, this is why gun control should be mandated in the America. Gun control is a debate fueled by the recent shootings of Colombine, Sandy Hook, Marysville Pilchuck, and the recent shooting at a social center. Gun control is a proposal to ban or further restrict gun laws, gun control has been put in place in many other countries such as Canada, The United Kingdom,Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Gun Of The Teeth : The Worldwide Plague Of Small Arms1597 Words   |  7 Pagesfifteen, died in accidental shootings. This proves that there should be stricter gun control laws. Gun Control - ProCon.org. ProConorg Headlines.N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2016. Statistics show that five women a day are killed by guns and if there is a gun in a domestic relationship, it increases murder by 500 percent. There are many pros and cons to the gun control laws. Some of the pros are abusers and stalkers, reduce the amount of accidental gun deaths. Some of the cons are: gun control laws wouldRead MoreThe Debate Over The Gun Control892 Words   |  4 Pagesusually gun free zones, but with so many shootings happening on campuses some want to be allowed to carry. A lot of people are for infringing upon a person’s constitutional right to life and liberty and self-protection. They claim it will lead to more shootings. Starting in August, Texas will join seven other states in allowing hand guns on campus (Alford). The people that oppose conceal carry on campus believe this law will just open the door for more shootings on campus. Arguments against concealRead MoreGun Control Is A Problem Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesImage Getting Guns At Gun Shows PROS CONS According to a Pew Research survey in Mar. 2013, 83% of all the adults surveyed, 79% of gun-owners, 86% of people living with a gun-owner, and 74% of NRA households approve of background checks for private and gun show sales. Guns don t kill people; people kill people. And people need more gun education and mental illness screening to prevent massacres and other shootings .The Sporting Arms and Ammunition ManufacturersRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control875 Words   |  4 Pagesthe number of mass shootings that have occurred in the United States in the last few years the issue of gun control laws has become a prevalent topic of debate throughout American society. This debate stems from two opposing arguments over gun control. Some feel gun control laws are fair and not the contributing factor to these mass shootings, whereas, others feel that there is an urgent need for strict laws in order to end the problem of mass shootings. There are numerous pros and cons to the en forcementRead MoreThe Processing Of Possessing A Gun1383 Words   |  6 PagesEnforcement Officers Protection Act, Firearms Owners Protection Act, Crime Control Act, Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, President Obama Proposes Sweeping Changes to Gun Control, Colorado Recalls Pro-Gun Control State Senators are some of the law that has been passed after the second amendment. Violations of gun control laws, such as a straw purchase, usually result in felony charges. A straw purchase is when an actual gun buyer uses another individualRead MoreGun Rights And Gun Control1405 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be regulated we have many arguments for the pros and cons of both sides. Gun control is now one of the most talked about subject in the country due to the vast amount of mass murders and school shootings that have been taken place in recent years. However, even with all this gun violence taken place it seems to have only made people ta ke more stubborn stance on their opinion of how the gun laws should be handled. With one faction called the pro-gun control sided standing in the position of stricter

Law of Tata Showroom Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contract Law of Tata Showroom. Answer: Issue According to the case study Tata showroom husband arises whether Isabella can take any legal action against her sister for not providing the appropriate service according to their contract and able to claim the compensation for the reach of the contract? Rules The postal rule is one of the important terms under the contract law. According o the terms of the contract the postal rule also consist of equal terms which includes the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty which must formed between two or more than two parties. The basic medium of the postal rule is the contract should form through email or phone or letter. It must have a legal intention to create a valid contract under the specific mutual terms. Adam v Lindsell [1818] is one of the historical cases of postal rule under thecontract law where the terms of the contract has been applied for the first time by the federal government. The court has identified the issues where they found the facts that a contract has been introduced between two parties through a mail. The both of the parties has been found to follow all the elements of contract which consists of the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty. However later the plaintiff has filled a case against the defendant for breach the terms of the contract and applies for the compensation for the loss he has suffered. Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise (1957) is another famous case where the fact has been found that a contract has been formed according to the terms of postal rule. However, the court has added the statement where it has found that the contract has failed to satisfy the terms of contract for not accept the offer. In the case of Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH House of Lords [1983] the contract has failed to satisfy the terms of postal rules and it breached the contract by the defendant. Bressan v Squires Supreme Court of New South Wales [1974] is another case which significance the terms of the postal rule under the contractlaw where contract has been placed through an email between the parties but it again failed satisfies the terms. The Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corpn (1955) and Holwell securities Ltd v Hughes (1974) other two case of postal rules where the contract has been formed according to the terms of postal rule which includes the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty. Application According to the fact of case Isabella loves to collect film and television memorabilia and she planned for a holiday in United Kingdom, Italy, London and Rome. Therefore she contact with UberTour Pty Ltd which is a travel agency and runs by her sister Siena. Siena has sent her an email about the details of the tour, charges and to contact in between a particular time with the acknowledgement. Isabella sent a reply to her sister Siena on the next day within the time which has mentioned in the previous mail. However due to negligence of Siena for not paying the overdue account of email service, the service provider as disconnect the connection which caused that she did not get the mail within the time. Therefore Isabellas trip has been canceled. Now according to the terms of the postal rule the contract has been formed though an email between Isabella and Siena. It also satisfied the terms of the contract which includes the offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity, intention and certainty. Therefore a valid contract has been formed when Siena sent the email to Isabella with the offer of the tour packages and the next day when Isabella replied to her within the time with the acceptance of the offer. An offer and acceptance has found, they have mutual consideration, both of them have an intention to create a legal contract, both of them are sound mind along with their capacity and certainty where there is a particular of time period. Therefore a valid contract has been formed between Isabella and Siena. According to the terms of the postal rule the effectiveness of the contract has applicable when the acceptance has been communicated through a mode of communication. Therefore it is defining the basic rule of the agreement for the communication of acceptance is received. When a letter has been post therefore an offer has been given and reply to the letter to the offer make the acceptance of the offers Conclusion Therefore according to the cases study, Siena has breached the terms of the postal rule and Isabella is bound to claim the damages from her. References Adam v Lindsell [1818] B Ald 681 Bressan v Squires Supreme Court of New South Wales [1974] 2 NSWLR 460 Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH House of Lords [1983] 2 AC 34 Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corpn (1955) Holwell securities Ltd v Hughes (1974) Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise (1957) 98 CLR 93, 111-112

Work Ethic Essays (199 words) - Employment, Work Ethic, Working Time

Work Ethic In today's society I believe we have lost the traditional work ethic of long ago. Being brought up in a traditional family and around a population mainly comprised of Amish, I have come to understand the work ethic that America has lost. Amish are people who lead a simple religious life unaffected by automobiles, electricity, modern appliances, or other modern convinces. This Simple puritan life is based solely around god with a strong work ethic as the backbone. Long hours are spent hand plowing the field with a horse, turning butter for family consumption, and taking pride in homemade items. Growing up around this, I see America as losing the strong work ethic of their fathers and grandfathers. People in general as showing the lack of dedication and pride in their work. Working in a factory this last summer, I saw that the corporate world functions on money and mass production. Worker Unions has also slid into a loss in pride. The main goal of workers is the personal gain of money, not quality and workmanship. Along with the work ethic in the corporate world is the work ethic based in the home. As technology increases and connivances arise, Americans are becoming increasingly lazy and the over all work ethic has been lost.

The biological causes of borderline personality disorder Essays

The biological causes of borderline personality disorder Essays The biological causes of borderline personality disorder Paper The biological causes of borderline personality disorder Paper Browsing from books, journals and online sources, one will have to realize that there is actually a general consensus among experts that there no single cause of borderline personality. Although there are enumerated risk factors in their researches and discussions, there has been none of them that explicitly say that environmental, genetic, psychological or biological factors have caused such disorder. What is clear so far is that â€Å"no single factor explains its development† (Paris, Joel). This writer however finds it important to closely look into the biological risk factors or causes of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). It is to be stressed that although the discussion of this paper is focused on the biological side of the topic, it still holds that such causes work in connection with the other risk factors and causes as mentioned above rather than considering biological causes are single factor to be considered. The Mayo Clinic described BPD as a 1â€Å"mental condition that is often devastating for both the patient and the people around him.†Ã‚   This is because of the fact that it is generally characterized by the patient’s difficulty of regulating his emotions or moods and is often impulsive. They also have the tendencies of being depressed as they often see themselves as worthless and damaged. These could have been the very reason why persons with BPD are often misunderstood by the public. As been stressed in one article, persons with BPD are torn between two self-images: â€Å"either as all good or all bad† (Insight Journal Online Magazine, 2007). In America there are about 1-2 percent of its adult population who are suffering from the disorder. Mayo Clinic also reported that the occurrence of the disease in about 1 in every 33 women and one in every 100 men (The Mayo Clinic Online). Around 50% of researches on Borderline Personality Disorder that point to genetic abnormalities are one of its causes (Friedel, Robert O.). Friedel also cited some researches that accounts to the disease as occurring with related disorders such as bipolar disorder, depression and substance use disorders. For Paris, biological causes of BPD â€Å"consist of inborn temperamental abnormalities† (Paris, Joel 2005). Because temperamental abnormalities have something to do with emotions, the disorder has been linked with the human brain. Researchers suggest that there are certain areas in the brain, those areas that regulate emotion, impulsivity and aggression, have undergone or undergoing some changes. Such changes, according to 1Mayo Clinic are â€Å"associated with the decrease serotonin activity in the brain.†

Conquer Your Inbound Marketing Strategy with this Process (4 Templates)

Conquer Your Inbound Marketing Strategy with this Process (4 Templates) If you’re working in digital marketing in 2019, chances are the majority of your activities revolve around inbound marketing. Many marketing teams take an ad hoc approach to inbound, with bits of PPC, content marketing, and social media sprinkled here and there. Rarely do teams have a full fledged inbound marketing strategy and process in place. Laying a good foundation and process for your inbound strategy has a couple of great benefits. Drives more leads into your marketing funnel. Better addresses target persona pain points. Ensures all team members are working toward the same goals. Aligns cross-channel messaging. Before showing you how to create a bullet-proof inbound marketing strategy and process, you’ll want to download these templates. You’ll receive a†¦ A keyword planning spreadsheet  to help drive better results for your inbound activities. A content audit guide  to help identify your content deficits. A content mapping template  to map your content to each funnel stage. A user persona worksheet  to help you target the right people. in oneplace. Save 20 hrs this week alone and every weekafter. If youve ever kicked the tires on , nows the time to see what its reallylike. Schedule Your Demo Success! Your download should start shortly. Clean up the chaos with your editorial calendar! With , youll Save time with blogging, social, and email think HOURS every week Schedule your social posts in batches and increase your posting frequency super easily Get your sht together and hold yourself accountable to publishing like the boss you are! Now’s the perfect time to start your 14-day free trial to see for yourself! Start Your Free Trial

Mgt f2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mgt f2 - Essay Example One can manage a diverse staff in the company by inculcating into the culture of the organization the concept of managing diversity. When creating individual work groups and teams in the organization, diversity of the workforce should be encouraged. Training the staff on the benefits of diversity would be of paramount importance in the company. Bringing different personalities and abilities together is an important thing. However, diversity can pose serious threats if not adequately managed. It is particularly necessary that a company acquires a diverse workforce. The diversity of the workforce if properly maintained and positively utilized has the potential to improve tremendously productivity and performance through combined abilities and personalities. For diversity management and training to bear fruits in a company, the manager must find proper means to integrate the training into the daily tasks. Giving a mere lecture on diversity to the employees may not help in its implementation (Mor-Barak 73). Diversity training and management in an organization should start by ensuring the availability of active personnel policies that promote equality. A company-wide diversity training seminar should be conducted to review the unacceptable and acceptable behavior. The importance of diversity training should be well known to both the management and the employees. A complaint resolution with standard procedures for the employees should be established. There are myriad benefits that accrue from a diverse and inclusive workforce. People with different backgrounds and lifestyles challenge each other to produce more. Diversity helps create dissent. A diverse workforce helps the company reach its heterogeneous customer base more efficiently. An inclusive workforce better understands the needs of their employees, which make them feel better, appreciated and respected. The

Compare and Contrast Army Ground Fleet Maintenance with Civilian Research Paper

Compare and Contrast Army Ground Fleet Maintenance with Civilian Ground Fleet Maintenance - Research Paper Example Civilian institutions conduct business with the aim of profit making while US Army is a non-profit generating government function. This causes both similarities and differences in terms of activities performed in their respective fleet management systems. Below is a comparison and contrast between the two institutions. There is a couple of differences between the U.S. Army Ground Fleet Maintenance activities and the Civilian Ground Fleet Maintenance activities of organizations such as Coca Cola, Pepsi, etc. Some of these differences stem from a legal perspective while others stem from operation activities undertaken in the military bases. Some of the notable differences include; the military outsources its fleet management function to the industry including even tactical vehicles used by the military. For instance, the military in made a decision to outsource its fleet of M109 vehicles family (Paladin) that encompasses the M109 self-propelled howitzer & the M992 field vehicles supplying artillery ammunition under the fleet management program (NDIA Staff, 1999). Further, under the same program, the manager is responsible all resources of technical nature ranging from field maintenance to training hence making him responsible for the entire spare parts modernization, while soldiers control the daily maintenance activities. On the other hand, in the Civilian Ground Fleet Maintenance activities, outsourcing of the fleet management program is restricted to the organizations’ departments mandated to control and manage the company fleets, especially the transport department. For instance, unlike in the military where the function of outsourcing of maintenance services is a policy, in Civilian organization outsourcing of the maintenance activities is done in-house by the organizations workers e.g. in the case of Coca-Cola. Therefore, unlike in the military, Ground Fleet Maintenance activities are accomplished

Pay It Forward - We Can Change the World :: Film Movies Films Movie Essays

Pay It Forward - We Can Change the World If someone did you a favor, something big, something that you could not do on your own, and instead of paying it back, you paid it forward to three people. Imagine the next day, they each paid it forward to three more people. And imagine the day after, those 27 people each paid it forward to another three people. Then each day afterwards, everyone in turn paid it forward to three more people; in two weeks that comes to 4,782,969 people. This is the idea that gives the movie Pay It Forward such persuasive appeal. The specific persuasive purpose is to get people to think how such a simple idea can make a big difference. Another persuasive goal of the movie was to get people to not be afraid to help others, and tell those people to help other like they were helped. The idea must follow these three rules: First, It has to be something that really helps people. Second, It has to be something they can't do by themselves. Lastly, if I do it for them, they do it for three other people (Pay It Forward 2000). The title of the movie is Pay It Forward; it was released into the theatre on October 20, 2000 nationwide. The director was Mimi Leder who did other films such as Peacemaker and Deep Impact. The screenwriter was Leslie Dixon, known for Overboard, That Old Feeling, Mrs. Doubtfire, Look Who's Talking Now; co writer of The Thomas Crown Affair and Smoke & Mirrors. The basis of this movie is from the best-selling novel Pay It Forward written by Catherine Ryan Hyde. The movie received mixed reviews from film critics the most common was the one written by www.rottentomatoes.com, which said, â€Å"Pay It Forward has strong performances from Spacey, Hunt, and Osment, but the movie itself is too emotionally manipulative and the ending is bad.† This is not to say the movie is bad at being persuasive just because the movie is emotionally manipulative, and the fact that the ending is bad is purely opinionative. This shows the movie’s good use of pathos by using strong acting and a p ersuasive plot. The plot of the movie is a school social studies assignment leads to acts of kindness that spread from city-to-city. When assigned to come up with some idea that will improve the world, a seventh grader boy Trevor McKinney (Haley Joel Osment) decides that if he can do three good deeds for someone and they in turn can "pay it forward" and so forth, then the world might be a better place.

Martyn Pig Quotes Essay

â€Å"Something I don’t know what it was. It wasn’t real. † â€Å"It’s strange, the lack of emotion, the absence of drama in reality. When things happen in real life, extraordinary things, there’s no music, there’s no dah-dah-daaahhs. There’s no close-ups. No dramatic camera angles. Nothing happens. Nothing stops, the rest of the world goes on. † â€Å"Reality. When you gradually come to realise that all that stuff in books, films, television, magazines, newspapers, comics – it’s all rubbish. It’s got nothing to do with anything. It’s all made up. It doesn’t happen like that. It’s not real. It means nothing. † Morality â€Å"Badness is a relative thing† Death/Tradgey/Sadness â€Å"I pulled the trigger, the pistol spat, and the sparrow fell. Just like that. I stared in Disbelief. I’d killed it. Stopped its life. Shot it dead. † (pg 150) – Short statements separated by commas describing the process of killing the sparrow (incites imagery in readers mind, enables them to vividly imagine the scene) illustrate the simplicity of killing and how easy it is to murder. Indicates that Martyn isn’t really a bad person, there was no hatred or revengefulness behind the deed, he was just curious. Short, consise sentences highlight his disbelief. â€Å"I can still here the sound of it now. That sickening crack of bone on stone. I knew he was dead. Instantly. I knew. † – The rhyming of bone and stone emphasise the impact of William Pigs body as it hit the fireplace, but also emphasise the impact that his death would have on the rest of Martyn’s life. The short sentences illustrate Martyn’s instant feeling of shock that engulfed his body, so much so that he couldn’t string together long coherent sentences and could only manage small outbursts during his brains realisation of the terrible thing that had just happened and how his world is now changed forever. â€Å"I hated him. I hated every inch of him. From his broken-veined, red-nosed face to his dirty, stinking feet. I hated his beery guts. But I never meant to kill him. † Pg 24 – â€Å"hoping I could get away with pretending that he was ill in bed, asleep. Not dead, just asleep. I had no choice. Do you understand ? I had no choice. † Alcoholism â€Å"He looked like what he was: a drunk. † Pg 10 – Short and simple, no beating around the bush. Martyn has given up denying the terrible state is father is in, it is clear that he accepted long ago hi father has a serious alcohol problem. The sincerity of the sentence infers Martyn’s resentment and hatred towards his dad’s self-imposed alcoholic condition. â€Å"But with me, he was a drunk with responsibilities, a drunk with child benefit, a drunk with someone to clear up the sick. † Pg 11 – ‘But’ highlight two alternate realities and how different Billy Pig’s life would be without Martyn, showing the positive impact that Martyn has had on his life. Ironic because William Pig had a very negative impact (relative to readers opinion) on Martyn’s life. â€Å"Alcohol. It sucks the life out of a face and replaces it with its own dumb shine of inanity. It’s up to you. If you want to lose yourself, have a drink. † – Talking directly to the reader engaging them in the story and emphasises how badly his dad alcoholism impacted his life, and strongly warns the readers against it. Loneliness/Isolation: â€Å"A great swirling mess of sound searing its way into my head† – Martyn’s mind is different; he is isolated from the outside world.

Personal Constructs Theory - Psychology Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5017 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Title/Abstract In this study we aim to provide an analysis of a subjects problems using the Personal Constructs Theory (PCT) suggested by Kelly. The subject is a 35 year old female full time employee working in the same company as the researcher and has shown no barriers to construing. The subjects problems with her relationships have been determined using the Repertory grid interview and we discuss results and provide an analysis of the findings following the interview and data collection. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal Constructs Theory Psychology Dissertations" essay for you Create order The interview was done to identify elements within the clients relationships and all interview limitations have been considered for the study. We provide an analysis of Personal Constructs Theory in general giving a brief overview of its main premises and principles and then move on to its applications including the Grid interview technique on our client. We discuss the results and analyse the findings accordingly. Introduction George Kellys Personal Construct Theory (PCT) emphasises that the world is perceived by a person according to the meaning the person applies to it and the person has the freedom to choose a meaning according to what he or she wants (Kelly, 1955). Thus a person has the freedom to choose a meaning in terms of which he perceives the world and can apply alternative constructions or meanings to his past, present and future events. Thus a person is not a victim of his events but can liberate himself from unpleasant events by reinterpreting and redefining them. According to Kelly (1955) PCT attempts to explain why a man does what he does and is a theory about how the human process flows, how it strives in new directions as well as in old, and how it may dare for the first time to reach into the depths of newly perceived dimensions Kelly states that a persons processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipate the events'(1955). Here, the subject is the process and the individual is a behaving organism who may need an external force to initiate an event. The processes include those of self-definition and relationships with others, and how we interpret events around us as well as the events we perceive and tasks at hand (Kelly 1955). Kelly based his theory of PCT on man as the scientist model and the basic points were as follows: the individual creates his or her own ways of seeing the world and interprets events according to how he perceive them the individual builds percepts and constructs; these constructs are organized into systems, or group of constructs which embody relationships; two or more systems may contain the same events, yet the events are separate from any of the systems; any individuals systems have a definite foci The term construct is a concept that represents the view a person has constructed about the world as he experiences it. Constructs also represent the way a person is likely to construe the world and the construct system as a whole represents the history and predisposition to perceive the world in a particular way. Kelly also distinguished between social reality, individual reality and communality. Individuality denotes that every individual differ from each other in how they construct or perceive the world, communality refers to the underlying similarities or common elements in perception and how the construction of experience in one person is similar to that of another (Kelly, 1955). Social reality is perception of how one person construes the construction processes of another person and how they are involved in a social role. Personal construct theory has been used in several sociological and scientific disciplines and it has been emphasised that social reality and communality should be considered along with the individual or personal reality and both have to be considered together in developing an understanding of the psychological processes (Dalton, 1992). The theory of Personal Constructs, points out that it is our personal psychological constructs that make the world predictable. We use construct systems to help in perception of the world and respond to all situations according to these perceptions. Our construct systems help us to make sense of the world, to make it predictable, to draw conclusions about causes and effects and we learn from experiences and adjust our behaviour accordingly (Fransella, 1995). Kelly wrote that the construct systems influence our expectations and perceptions and reflect our past experiences according to which we shape our future expectations. For example since we known from our past experiences that winters are cold, we would take adequate measures of protection during winter because we expect winters to be cold. However according to Kelly, our construct systems grow and change and are not static and are either confirmed or challenged when we are conscious. We adapt and immunise our constructs according to the situation and alter our feelings according to our experiences. We also tend to think and react according to our construct systems and some constructs represent values and key relationships which are difficult to change and fixed whereas some other constructs are less complex and more flexible and adaptive. The truth about the world as understood and experienced determines the nature of the construct system. Construct systems are not generally judged according to any objective truth and depend on an individuals personal feelings, perceptions and choices (Dalton, 1992). One individuals construct system may be different from anothers and when there is a general disagreement in constructs, it is generally denoted by prejudice or preconception. Although conflicts and differences of opinions are unpleasant, these events help us to understand differences in people and help us to learn how other people perceive things (Stevens, 1996). However construct systems change and may not be altogether internally consistent. People may react or perceive things differently even in similar circumstances and this is normal as there is a certain degree of internal inconsistency in perception of events. Distortions of judgement due to internal inconsistency of personal constructs can be harmful for a person as he may suffer from personal distress. The extent to which one person can appreciate and react to another persons constructs is a measure of empathy or how one perceives another (Banister, 1985). One persons construct system may be markedly different from another p ersons constructs yet one should be able to infer the other persons construct in order to empathise and develop a sense of social oneness and responsibility. Kellys theory is one of the most effective theories in social research and helps to provide a psychological explanation of social similarities and differences. The applications of Kellys theory of Personal constructs are wide and varied as it helps to provide mathematical representations of constructs systems. Construct systems are multidimensional mathematical models and a persons language is used to classify his or her experiences. Kelly developed a number of mathematical models and representations of construct systems and tested hypotheses that followed from basic personal construct theory (Fransella and Bannister, 1977). To understand peoples personal construct systems the repertory Grid Interview technique was developed, also known as the Role Construct Repertory Test. The repertoire of constructs that a person develops represents some form of perception, judgement or evaluation and is always comparative. Thus judgement of anything good is in comparison with the concept of bad. Thus in using a Grid interview three elements are considered and then two are paired in contrast with a third. The theory of personal constructs can be applied to personal experiences and relationships and so parents, relations, friends, colleagues and the individual are largely responsible for the formation of constructs (Smith et al, 1995; Kalekin-Fishman et al, 1996). Kelly elicited a patients constructs, rated the different elements on the constructs and used the resultant grid to point out to the client what his primary problems or concerns were. This helped to decide which therapy would be important and helped to determine the progress and effectiveness of therapy. For example one could find the two elements in a personal relationship of a patient and his mother and use this technique to find out differences between a patients perception of himself and what his mother would like him to be. The patient would then be encouraged to provide a self description and work through means of making his relationship with his mother more pleasant and productive. If there are paranoid elements recognised in a patients perception of himself or his relationships, appropriate therapeutic interventions are suggested. The Repertory Grid interviewing technique was developed by Kelly to overcome some of the methodological limitations of the interview method. The main steps of the Grid technique include 1. Selecting a set of elements this could be anything from relationships to issues and the elements could be people involved in these relationships with the client. 2. The elements are taken in groups of three and the client is asked to pair two of them separating the third according to a special characteristic (Adams-Webber, 1983). Thus here the differentiation is done according to constructs determined by the client and is done on a bipolar scale with the interviewer setting up the question but the client determining the content (Anderson, 1987). The constructs are examined in some detail and after the interview the constructs are made into scales of 1-5 and the interviewee is expected to rate every element for every construct on this scale. The result is a matrix and this is then analysed statistically to show the client his problems and how they can be tackled. The statistical analysis helps to give measurements of individual people characteristics and compares peoples perceptions before and after the interview. The Grid is thus a statistical, and content free process and although the interviewer initiates its functions, it is the patient who drives it allowing him to come out with his own perceptions thus giving the process a freedom from any interviewer bias and allows complete transparency(Anderson, 1987). Since it is also a standardised interviewing technique any interviewer can read the interview and understand its implications. Russell and Cox (2003) and Morrison (1991) have stressed on the importance of repertory grid in the analysis of individual perceptions. Considering Kellys constructivist alternativism, we can assume that all our present perceptions of the world could be subject to changes and revisions and accordingly our perceptions of people and subsequently our interpersonal relationships could also be changed according to this principle. Method A 35 year old female colleague, Marie Oliver was selected for the interview process. The client was having some relationship problems, especially with her work colleagues and has been showing maladjustment along with problems of anxiety, depression and lack of productivity at work. The participant was apprised of the purpose of the interviewing and was asked to participate suggesting that participation in the interview would help her in overcoming her personal problems. A Repertory Grid Interview was done and the first step was identifying elements or grid components. For this all the possible elements including people in relationships were identified. Thus elements are work colleagues known to the participant and to the researcher, and the participant used triad method with the elements to create constructs around any one chosen topic. Elements were then compared by asking participant to take 3 elements and ascertain where 2 are similar and 1 is different, and the participant was en couraged to continue until all possible combinations were exhausted of 3 elements from the set of 10. The instruction given in this case was , choose any three of these known people and group two of them together separating a possible third to show why two of them are similar and how they differ from the third person. This process was used to identify similarities and differences of individuals until the participant ran out of constructs. Several mini-grids were developed in advance to ensure that the participant was comfortable with the process of grid construction. Then the Participant followed the process, generated the first grid, to ascertain whether each element is more like the similarity pole or difference pole by marking with x or o respectively. The participant then generated a second grid to rate each element on each of the 10 constructs using 1-5 point scale, but presented the grid to experimenter without ratings, experimenter then created the final grid as the participant. The main aim and purpose of the interview was agreed with the participant and views about other work colleagues were thus taken. The participant was fully informed from outset regarding the possibility that the revelations from the Grid Interview could be unsettling for her. However for these purposes, participants consent form was also signed in advance and the constructs were then set up on the grid allowing to be revealed. In the process of the interview, the researcher made notes on participant behaviour and perceptions as verbally revealed. In this case, the participant Marie was asked to identify the elements in her workplace that could be considered in her relationships with colleagues. Marie identified 10 colleagues at her workplace and separated two of them as distinct from a third. The common points and the differences were noted. Each of the 10 constructs chosen were rated on a 1-5 scale and the grids were created with similarity and difference poles marked by x or an o. This was done in case of determining constructs and relationships with work colleagues. After the formation of a grid, an analysis was drawn up. Findings/Analysis The two assumptions of the Grid Interview by Kelly were as follows: 1. If we can identify an individuals construct map there is a strong possibility we can predict that individuals behaviour. 2. We may be able to modify an individuals map, and therefore behaviour, by some form of training. The two aspects of the Repertory Grid are 1. Elements which are the objects of an individuals thinking and to which they relate their concepts or values. These elements may be people with qualities like effective, unprofessional, etc or they may be objects or abstract, concrete concepts like the interview or a test 2. Constructs are the qualities used to describe the elements in our personal, individual relationships thus a person is effective because he has a pleasant relationship with his staff which reflects personal construct as applied to the element of an effective individual The main elements in an analysis when a grid is applied to an individual are: 1. The results relate to that individual alone 2. Only one grid has to be analysed for an individuals report. 3. A grid scoring form is used to perform the analysis The Findings and Analysis help us to probe the following questions: To what extent was the study helpful in understanding the participants view of the topic of examination? Identification and justification of apparent areas of understanding and lack of understanding Is a pattern of understanding evident? How does the analysis link with the notes made prior to completing grids on expected areas of degree of understanding? What is the meaning revealed by the participants choice of elements and constructs? Do the elements and constructs reveal a similar or different view of the topic of analysis chosen? What does the degree of the match imply? Was the study any more helpful when conversation elaboration was also used as an extended method? Is some analysis of new understandings reached during feedback conversation helpful for the process? What do the notes and quotes as revealed by the client suggest? The findings are given as follows: Degree of similarity Elements (Mostly worked together with these individuals) Close agreement on 4, 5, 6 elements Less agreement on 9 element (Mostly worked separately with these individuals) Little agreement on 1,2,3,7,8,10- elements with different negative personal experiences working with E7 and E8 on particular projects. Degree of similarity Constructs Close agreement on 6 constructs (professional conduct). Upon discussion, views were similar regarding the meaning of professional conduct and who could be trusted. Less agreement on 1,3,4,5,7,9 constructs. Upon discussion, researcher and client shared similar/same definitions of each construct. Differences in definitions regarding Constructs Little agreement on 2,8,10 constructs. Upon discussion, our definitions were different, hence our measurement of each element came from a different understanding of constructs. The elements identified by Marie were individuals at the workplace and Marie revealed that she worked closely with elements 4, 5 and 6 although had less agreement with element or colleague 9. Marie revealed that she has worked separately and had negative personal experiences with colleagues identified as elements 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 10 although she said she was working on the same project with two of these negatively perceived colleagues 7 and 8. Mari suggested a close agreement with 6 on professional conduct and said that her views with 6 were similar regarding professional conduct, friendships and trust issues as to who in the office should or should not be trusted. Marie suggested that her constructs were either in contrast to or were not compatible with those of 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 elements or colleagues identified. Marie and the researcher had some discussions on the nature and definition of particular perceptions and constructs and the general definition of these identified by th e researcher were similar to that of the subject. The subjects perceptions, feedback and opinions on the constructs were noted separately. Marie identified that two of the colleagues were friendly and amicable and compared with the other person who in contrast has been described as unfriendly and not easy to get along with. The Repertory Grid Scoring sheet is drawn as follows: Pairs similarities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 empathy Work culture attitude friendliness knowledgeable Team orientedness Good style appearance leadership helpfulness The process of producing the Repertory Grid can be broken down into the following steps: Step One The participant Marie identifies ten colleagues whom she knows well. Among these ten colleagues Marie should go along well with at least two of them ideally. Step Two Marie is given six pieces of card or paper on which she is asked to write the names of the people she has identified. These are the elements described. A number can also be added to the card/paper to signify description and added at the head of column on the scoring sheet. Alternatively, the name itself of the element identified can be entered on the scoring sheet as well. Step Three Three cards are selected, for example 1, 2 and 3, and Marie is asked to identify some aspect related to these colleagues behaviour which makes two of the three people selected different from the third. The construct word or phrase is written in the top left side of the vertical columns. In the top right side of the vertical columns is written the description of the person one who is different from the other two. This process of obtaining constructs from the three people is continued until no further constructs or perceived characteristics could be elicited from the participant. Step Four Once the constructs have been completely elicited and entered on the scoresheet, the cards are returned. Each element person is then given a score on a scale of 1 to 5. A score of 1 or 2 is allocated to those who are suited to the description in the left-hand column, the column with the description of the pair. Scores of 5 or 4 are allocated to those who match with the description in the right-hand column, the description of the odd person out Step Five A different set of three cards is then selected, cards 4, 5 and 6 and the process in steps 3 and 4 is repeated, ensuring that the description of pairs is recorded in the left-hand column and a score of 1 or 2 relates to the pairs similarity and score points of 4 and 5 relate to the description of the single person. A score of 3 is average score. A score of at least one 1 and one 5 is helpful when allocated usually from the set of three people for whom the constructs are being elicited. Step Six Step five is repeated and the various combinations of the elements are aimed to be covered until the participants run out of perceived characteristics or constructs that could be entered on the card. After the grid consideration, the grid scoring sheet is used to record the views of the participant for each element against each construct which has been offered. The data collected is then subject to analysis. A manual analysis can generate and extract considerable information from the grid and all the constructs are related to the personal characteristics of each work colleague considered in the study by Marie. Step Seven In this case study we consider the behavioural aspects of work colleagues of Marie which is related to their overall friendliness, therefore at the end of the grid Marie is asked to rate the elements in a single, given construct over a scale of friendly to unfriendly. The scoring for friendliness is then compared with other individual aspects to highlight differences and to provide indicators for friendliness. Step Eight The scores for each construct are obtained by marking the difference for each element against the general friendliness figure. Step Nine In this phase, we analyse the various constructs on the basis that if the score is low the aspect measured is significant in the ranking for friendliness It is the duty of interviewer to remain without any bias and to refrain from giving any suggestion to the participant on what constructs should be drawn. Forming the constructs is entirely dependent on the participant and the researcher has no role in its formation. They must be according to the thoughts and perceptions of the individual who is being interviewed in this case, Marie although the constructs must be clear, meaningful. Here the analyst has helped her in one or two cases when she couldnt describe the construct and sought help of the analyst to come out with the right word. After the constructs are listed against the elements, the grid results are scored and are ready to be used for analysis. From the example used in this study -the aspects which go towards the behavioural skills of colleague at work, are identified as follows: Has empathy with other colleagues Has a proper work culture and attitude Has an ethical sense Is friendly and amicable Is knowledgeable and professional Always has a good style and appearance Is a team oriented person Is a leader in the group Comes out with fresh new ideas Is helpful and cooperative Discussion In this study we selected Marie Oliver, a 35 year old colleague who was suffering from some initial maladjustment in the workplace. Marie was asked to participate in the Repertory Grid Interview process to identify the reasons of her problems, categorise them and come out with possible suggestions. The approach taken was qualitative analysis by using the Personal Constructs theory developed by Kelly and a final analysis using scoring sheet and identifying elements through the Repertory Grid Interview technique. Marie was asked to select characteristics and constructs of persons in her workplace. She identified the most desirable and friendly characteristics in her colleagues against the least desirable ones. The notes taken during conversation with Marie reveal that Marie felt she got along only with a few colleagues only three as mentioned. There were basic differences in professional ethic and conduct with at least two colleagues she was working in collaboration with. The behavioural skills Marie identified as important in defining her good relationship with the colleagues are empathic characteristics in others; any concept of an ideal colleague is also associated with being able to follow a proper work culture and having a proper attitude. Having an ethical sense, a sense of justice and being knowledgeable, professional with a good sense of humour are also identified as important characteristics in a proper friendly colleague. Marie indicated that being friendly, amicable and with good style and appearance has been noted in at least two of her colleagues and this is stark contrast to a third colleague she identified and with whom she doesnt seem to get along. If we consider Kellys perspective of constructive alternativism, it is possible to have alternative perceptions as our perceptions of the world depend completely on our personal constructs. Marie also identified leadership skills, helpfulness and cooperativeness, being able to come out with fresh ideas and following a proper work culture as important aspects of professional behaviour and gave high scores on these aspects to at least two of her colleagues. Overall, a Repertory Grid Interview on Marie showed that she has good and easygoing relations with two of her colleagues but doesnt seem to go well with many of them. The negative implications of the findings which suggest why Marie did not get along with most of her colleagues and seem to show anxiety and depression symptoms as well as dissatisfaction with her workplace were revealed in her perception of constructs on most of her colleagues. Marie suggested that some of her colleagues were low on cooperativeness and helpfulness, friendliness and proper professional attitude making the atmosphere competitive and hostile. The dynamics of Maries actual relations with her colleagues were thus revealed using this Grid interviewing procedure and Maries own perception of her work situation, perception of her situation and role in the office, and perception of her relations with her colleagues and her job were also revealed through this study. As Morrison (1991) used the repertory grid technique to understand nurses perception of care and their evaluation of caring attitudes in nursing, Maries perception of her work culture could easily reveal her ideal understanding of a workplace and what she sought in her colleagues. Her inner constructs, precepts and how she saw the world as an individual were revealed and so were her expectations in the future. Considering Maries perceptions, some psychological counselling to improve her working and professional relationships was recommended. Limitations: The methodological limitations and concerns of interview as a means of knowing peoples construct system were many, as noted by Kelly. These are: 1. Interview Bias sometimes the interviewer and the school he belongs to whether behaviourist or psychoanalytic could determine the way the session goes and this undermines the objectivity and validity of the study 2. Dependence on the interviewer the role of the therapist should be minimal and the therapist should just be a tool to facilitate self perception according to Kelly. Most individuals have the capacity to understand his or her problems and any overdependence on the researcher should be avoided. 3. There may be problems with measuring and predicting individual or group characteristics. Although psychology seeks to understand laws of human behaviour, large scale studies showing correlations of different behaviour may not be helpful for study of personal constructs which is based on the understanding of individuals or a small group of people. These methodological limitations have been kept in mind while conducting the interview and interviewer bias and any dependence on the interviewer has been kept to a minimum. Interviewer intervention has also been minimal. Conclusion: In this discussion, we set out with an overview of the Personal Constructs Theory proposed by Kelly (1955). We discussed the different tenets of the constructs theory, the inconsistency of personal constructs and how constructs tend to vary in different people or in same people in different situations. Thus situational factors seem important in constructs and perceptions on other people. Individual constructs form the construct systems and Kelly established the grid method to determine the different elements in a social situation that can be considered as responsible for an individuals disturbed social relationships. In our study of Marie Oliver, a 35 year old employee, her social relationships and possible disturbances were studied using the Repertory Grid Interview technique and her analysis of good and bad characteristics of ten of her colleagues were indicated on the card given to her. The scores were drawn up and according to the analysis the desirable characteristics that Marie perceived in some of her workmates and not in others, were found out. Maries behavioural problems and her unique relationships with her colleagues are then analysed suggesting whether Marie needed any further psychological help for her anxiety, depression and other work related maladjustments. Bibliography Kelly, George Alexander The psychology of personal constructs / George A. Kelly. 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